Indian agriculture has seen rapid advancements, with new technologies like drip irrigation, mechanised farming, and automated grading systems driving sustainable growth. In recent years, drone technology has emerged as a key player in revolutionising agriculture. 

States across India are actively exploring their potential, particularly in pesticide application. Drones offer immense promise in achieving precision and efficiency, marking a significant shift towards modern, tech-driven farming. 

With the Indian agriculture drone market projected to grow from USD 243.60 million in 2024 to USD 2,110.60 million by 2033, the future of drone-assisted pesticide spraying looks bright. 

This blog explores the key aspects of spraying pesticides using drones and the techniques that can make your farming operations more efficient and precise.

TL;DR

• Drone Spraying: A modern, efficient way to apply pesticides with precision, reducing waste and enhancing crop health.

• Precision Agriculture: Tailors farming practices to specific field conditions, optimising resource use for maximum yield.

• Key Drone Components: Includes RTK GPS, terrain-following systems, and specialised nozzles for precise pesticide application.

• Types of Drones: Multi-rotor drones (small to medium farms), fixed-wing drones (large fields), and hybrid drones (for both precision and coverage).

• Spraying Techniques: High-resolution mapping, variable-rate application, and optimised flight paths ensure efficient pesticide use.

• Challenges: High initial cost, lack of technical expertise, and weather dependency, but can be overcome with subsidies, training, and better drone designs.

• Leher: Provides affordable, flexible drone spraying services, with expert support and government-backed subsidies for farmers.

Understanding Precision Agriculture

To effectively apply pesticides using drones, it's crucial first to understand the concept of precision agriculture. Precision agriculture, often referred to as "smart farming" or "site-specific crop management," is a modern agricultural approach that uses technology to observe, measure, and respond to variability within a farm field. 

Instead of treating an entire field uniformly, precision agriculture tailors farming practices to specific conditions and needs, leading to increased efficiency, productivity, and sustainability.

Here's a breakdown of its key aspects:

Core Principles:

• Data Collection: Gathering vast amounts of real-time data from various sources.

• Data Analysis: Processing and interpreting this data to gain actionable insights.

• Decision Making: Using these insights to make informed, site-specific decisions.

• Targeted Application: Applying inputs (water, fertilisers, pesticides, seeds) precisely where and when they are needed.

With Leher, you can bring precision agriculture to your farm with ease. Our drone spraying services are designed to give you the insights and accuracy needed for optimal crop protection. Explore our services today.

Types of Spraying Drones

Spray drones vary significantly in their design and capabilities, making it essential to choose the right type based on the size of your farm, the terrain, and the specific tasks at hand.

These drones can be broadly categorised based on their aerodynamic design, which affects their flight characteristics. And, their payload capacity determines their suitability for different scales of spraying operations.

Based on Aerodynamic Design:

• Multi-Rotor Drones: Most common for agricultural spraying, these drones include quadcopters (4 rotors), hexacopters (6 rotors), and octocopters (8 rotors). They offer high manoeuvrability and can hover for precise spot spraying. Best for small to medium-sized farms and uneven terrain. However, they have shorter flight times and lower coverage per flight.

• Fixed-Wing Drones: These resemble aeroplanes and are more efficient for large-scale operations, offering longer flight times and higher speeds. While they cover vast areas quickly, they aren't ideal for precision spraying and require a runway for takeoff and landing.

• Hybrid Drones (VTOL): Combining the best of both worlds, these drones offer vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) with the endurance of fixed-wing flight. They are perfect for large farms that need both precision and wide coverage.

Based on Payload Capacity & Total Takeoff Weight:

• Small-Capacity Drones (10-20 kg payload): These drones typically have tank sizes ranging from 10 to 20 litres. They are well-suited for small farms, vineyards, or for specific tasks like spot spraying in difficult-to-reach areas. Their lower cost and ease of use make them a good entry point for precision agriculture.

• Medium-Capacity Drones (20-40 kg payload): These drones, with tanks between 20 and 40 litres, offer a strong balance of efficiency and manoeuvrability. They are commonly used by medium-sized farms and commercial spraying service providers.

• Large-Capacity Drones (40-50+ kg payload): These heavy-duty drones are designed for large farms and broad-acre crops. With large tanks of 40-50+ litres, they can cover vast areas efficiently, reducing the number of flights and refills needed.

Not sure which drone is right for you? Let Leher help you choose the perfect drone for your farm’s size and needs. Connect with us for personalised drone spraying solutions!

Key Components of Spraying Drones

Spraying drones are sophisticated pieces of technology that combine the flight capabilities of a drone with a specialised liquid application system. 

Here is the anatomy an agricultural spraying drone:

1. Frame/Chassis: The lightweight, durable frame supports the entire drone, with carbon fibre often used for strength and resistance to outdoor conditions.

2. Propulsion System: Brushless DC motors, electronic speed controllers, and carbon fibre propellers provide the lift and stability needed for effective spraying.

3. Power System: High-capacity lithium polymer (LiPo) batteries ensure sufficient power, with a power distribution board that directs energy to various components.

4. Flight Controller: The brain of the drone, managing stability, flight dynamics, and autonomous operations. It integrates with GPS/GNSS for precise navigation.

5. Spraying System: Includes a liquid tank, pump, hoses, and nozzles, all designed for precise and efficient pesticide delivery. Nozzles can vary, from flat-fan for large areas to hollow-cone for dense crop canopies.

6. Sensors & Imaging: Multispectral, thermal, and RGB cameras help detect crop health and environmental conditions, while obstacle-avoidance sensors ensure safe operation.

7. Communication & Software: Remote control systems and flight planning software allow for real-time monitoring and data analysis, ensuring optimised spraying routes and effective pest control.

Together, these components enable drones to perform efficient, targeted pesticide applications, improving crop protection while reducing waste and environmental impact.

Want to see how drone spraying can transform your farm? Leher’s drones are equipped with the latest technology for precise and effective pesticide application. Start using them for your farm today!

Best Spraying Techniques of Pesticide Using a Drone

In precision agriculture, the goal is to optimise resources and maximise crop yield by applying inputs like pesticides exactly where and when they are needed. Drone spraying takes this approach a step further, moving beyond just flying over a field and dispensing chemicals. 

Here are the key techniques for successful drone spraying:

Pre-Flight Data Collection and Analysis (The "Precision" Part)

• High-Resolution Mapping: Drones equipped with multispectral, hyperspectral, or RGB cameras capture detailed field imagery.

• Vegetation Indices (NDVI): These maps show crop health and identify areas of stress, nutrient deficiencies, or pest infestations.

• Pest/Disease Hotspot Identification: AI analyses data to pinpoint hotspots, allowing for targeted treatment.

• Terrain Mapping: Lidar or radar sensors create 3D maps for consistent height maintenance over uneven terrain.

• Soil Data Integration: Incorporate soil maps to understand variability and improve application accuracy.

Intelligent Flight Planning (The "Smart" Part)

• Waypoint Navigation with RTK/PPK GPS: Achieve centimetre-level accuracy to ensure precise pesticide placement.

• Automated Mission Planning: Specialised software helps plan efficient flight paths, accounting for field shape, obstacles, and weather conditions.

• Variable Rate Application (VRA): Use prescription maps to apply pesticides at varying rates based on crop health, minimising waste and maximising effectiveness.

• Optimised Flight Paths: Use algorithms for efficient coverage and minimal overlap, saving time and energy.

• Obstacle Avoidance: Sensors help the drone navigate safely around obstacles, ensuring smooth operations.

• Terrain Following: Maintain optimal height above crops with terrain-following systems for uniform application.

Precise Application Techniques (The "Effective" Part)

• Nozzle Selection: Choose the right nozzle type for the crop, chemical, and weather conditions. Fine droplets penetrate dense canopies, while larger droplets reduce drift in windy conditions.

• Anti-Drift Nozzles: Use air-induction nozzles to minimise drift and increase spray efficiency.

• Optimal Spray Height and Speed: Spray at low altitudes (1.5 to 3 meters) to reduce drift and enhance canopy coverage. Adjust flight speed to maintain consistent spray application.

• Propeller Downwash: The drone’s propeller downwash helps push spray deeper into the canopy, reaching areas that ground sprayers miss.

Weather Monitoring

• Wind Speed: Avoid spraying in wind speeds over 10-15 km/h to minimise drift.

• Temperature and Humidity: Monitor conditions to avoid evaporation of spray droplets and ensure they reach the target.

• Rain Forecast: Avoid spraying if rain is expected soon after application to prevent chemical runoff.

Also Read: How to Spray Pesticides Safely on Crops

Post-Application Analysis and Feedback Loop

• Spray Coverage Verification: Use imagery to verify coverage and detect any missed spots or overspraying.

• Effectiveness Assessment: Analyse crop response and compare with pre-spray data to gauge treatment success.

• Data Logging: Drones log flight data, helping with record-keeping, compliance, and optimising future spraying strategies.

By combining these techniques, drone spraying in precision agriculture enables more efficient pesticide application, reducing input costs, minimising environmental impact, and boosting crop health and yield.

Ready to implement these precise spraying techniques on your farm? Leher’s expert team can guide you through the entire process, ensuring your pesticide application is efficient and cost-effective. Get started with us today!

Challenges in Drone Spraying and How to Overcome Them

Drone spraying holds significant promise for precision agriculture, but it comes with several challenges. Overcoming these obstacles is essential for maximising its potential, especially in India’s diverse agricultural landscape.

1. High Initial Investment Cost

Agricultural drones, particularly those with advanced features like RTK GPS and large tanks, can be expensive, ranging from ₹3-12 lakhs. This high cost poses a barrier for small and marginal farmers in India.

Overcoming:

• Government Subsidies: Programs like the NAMO Drone Didi Scheme offer subsidies (up to ₹8 lakhs) for various farmer categories. Farmers should explore and apply for these schemes.

• Custom Hiring Centres (CHCs): Supporting CHCs allows farmers to rent drones without the upfront cost of ownership.

• Pay-per-use Models: Encourage service providers to offer flexible, subscription-based access to drones.

• Affordable Domestic Manufacturing: Promote Indian drone startups like Leher that focus on cost-effective, locally tailored solutions.

2. Lack of Knowledge and Technical Expertise

Many farmers lack the skills needed to operate drones, manage data, and perform maintenance. There's a shortage of trained personnel in rural areas.

Overcoming:

• Training Programs: Expand DGCA-approved Remote Pilot Training Organisations (RPTOs) to provide hands-on training for farmers and agri-entrepreneurs.

• Use of KVKs & Universities: Leverage Krishi Vigyan Kendras and agricultural universities for practical workshops and drone demonstrations.

• User-Friendly Interfaces: Manufacturers should develop drones with simple, intuitive controls for ease of use.

• On-site Support: Ensure that manufacturers provide after-sales support and troubleshooting services in rural areas.

3. Regulatory Hurdles and Compliance

While the Drone Rules 2021 have eased regulations, complexities remain around airspace permissions, no-fly zones, and specific crop-spraying guidelines.

Overcoming:

• Streamlined Approvals: Simplify and digitise the approval process through platforms like Digital Sky.

• Clearer Guidelines: Continuously refine SOPs for drone operations to ensure better clarity.

• Awareness Campaigns: Educate farmers about regulatory requirements through campaigns.

• Advocacy: Engage with regulatory bodies to push for farmer-friendly policies.

4. Weather Dependency and Operational Limitations

Drones are affected by weather conditions like high winds, rain, and extreme temperatures. Limited battery life also restricts flight time and coverage.

Overcoming:

• Weather-Resistant Drones: Invest in drones with better weather resistance and improved battery technology.

• Real-time Weather Monitoring: Use localised weather data to schedule flights during optimal conditions.

• Multiple Batteries: Equip drones with swappable battery packs to extend operational time.

• Contingency Planning: Have backup plans in case of adverse weather, such as using ground sprayers or rescheduling flights.

5. Technical Support and Maintenance in Rural Areas

The absence of local maintenance facilities and skilled technicians can lead to downtime for drones.

Overcoming:

• Localised Service Centres: Manufacturers should set up regional repair centres and mobile units.

• Training Local Technicians: Train rural youth to become drone repair technicians.

• Standardisation of Components: Promote the use of standardised parts to make repairs easier and more cost-effective.

• Remote Diagnostics: Implement remote diagnostic capabilities to troubleshoot issues quickly.

6. Data Management and Analysis Complexity

Managing vast amounts of data from drones, sensors, and satellites can be overwhelming for farmers.

Overcoming:

• User-Friendly Software: Develop cloud-based platforms that simplify data processing and visualisation.

• AI and Machine Learning: Use AI to automate data analysis, offering farmers actionable insights and recommendations.

• Agronomy Support: Partner with agronomists or extension services to help farmers interpret data and implement solutions.

• Data Sharing: Create platforms where farmers can securely share anonymised data for broader agricultural insights.

7. Social Acceptance and Mindset Shift

Some farmers resist new technologies due to traditional practices, scepticism, or concerns about job loss.

Overcoming:

• Demonstration Projects: Run successful drone spraying projects to showcase the tangible benefits, such as cost savings and improved yields.

• Farmer Testimonials: Share success stories from early adopters to build trust and confidence in drone technology.

• Addressing Concerns: Engage with farmers to address concerns, highlighting new job opportunities such as drone pilots and technicians.

• Long-Term Vision: Emphasise the long-term economic and environmental benefits of precision agriculture. 

Conclusion

By integrating precision agriculture principles, drones offer a highly efficient and targeted approach to pesticide application. As we’ve discussed, drones can collect real-time data, navigate with high accuracy, and apply pesticides precisely where and when they’re needed, significantly reducing waste and environmental impact.

However, the widespread adoption of this technology in India comes with challenges, such as high initial costs, lack of technical expertise, regulatory hurdles, and weather limitations. Fortunately, these can be overcome through government schemes, comprehensive training programs, improved drone designs, and better support systems.

Revolutionising Crop Management with Drone Spraying

Leher.ag is leading the way in precision agriculture with advanced drone spraying services. Here’s why you should choose us:

• Cutting-Edge Technology: Our drones are equipped with RTK GPS, high-resolution cameras, and terrain-following systems for accurate pesticide application.

• Affordable & Accessible: We offer flexible pay-per-use models and support government schemes, making drone spraying affordable for all farmers.

• Tailored Solutions: Whether you're a small farmer or managing large-scale operations, we provide customised drone solutions to meet your needs.

• Expert Support & Training: We ensure smooth implementation with comprehensive training and ongoing support.

• Boost Your Yields: Precision spraying leads to reduced waste, improved crop health, and enhanced sustainability.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

 1. How much do drones for pesticide spraying cost?

The cost of agricultural drones typically ranges from ₹3 to ₹12 lakhs, depending on the features like RTK GPS, tank capacity, and spraying efficiency. However, government subsidies, such as the Kisan Drone Scheme, can help reduce these costs significantly.

2. Are drones effective for pesticide application in India’s diverse agricultural landscape?

Yes, drones are highly effective in India’s varied agricultural landscapes. They can apply pesticides with precision, ensuring that chemicals reach the targeted areas, reducing wastage and environmental impact. Drones can also cover large fields quickly, saving both time and labour.

3. Do I need special training to operate drones for spraying pesticides?

Yes, operating a drone for pesticide spraying requires training. You’ll need to undergo DGCA-approved training programs to become a certified drone pilot. These programs teach you how to operate drones safely, plan spraying missions, and analyse data.

4. Can small and marginal farmers afford to invest in drone spraying technology?

While drones can be costly, government schemes like the Kisan Drone Scheme and NAMO Drone Didi Scheme provide substantial subsidies to make them affordable for small and marginal farmers. Additionally, custom hiring centres (CHCs) offer rental options to access drones without ownership costs.

5. How does drone spraying improve the efficiency of pesticide application?

Drone spraying allows for precise, variable-rate application, ensuring that pesticides are used exactly where they are needed. This precision reduces waste, minimises environmental impact, and improves crop health by preventing over-spraying or under-spraying.

6. What challenges should farmers expect when adopting drone spraying technology?

Challenges include high initial costs, lack of technical expertise, regulatory compliance, and weather dependency. However, these can be overcome through government support, training programs, and advancements in drone technology that enhance weather resistance and battery efficiency.